It’s time to ask yourself the dreaded question “What will I do with my kids this summer?” Luckily, with a little research, we’ve found tons of cool summer programs for kids that keep costs very low or even free. From the Ranger Rick photo contest to Camp Creatology, these affordable summer programs for kids are some of the best ways to stay busy when they’re not in school.
National Geographic's Summer Programs
The Planet Possible Family Challenge is a great way to make sure there's minimal summer brain drain. This series of projects and crafts from National Geographic hopes to inspire families to get outside, explore the habitats that surround us, and empower kids to understand why it's so important to protect them. Each challenge has three steps:
MAKE IT! A step-by-step DIY for a tool or craft that will help kids explore the microhabitat
TRY IT! Prompts or activities to encourage kids to explore and learn about biodiversity, using the Make It! craft
SAVE IT! Kid-friendly tips on protecting the microhabitat
Cost: National Geographic Premium With Disney+ is $10.99 a month. You get access to Disney+ in addition to a digital subscription to National Geographic.
If you need an incentive to get the kids to go screen-free every once in a while, check out the Barnes & Noble Summer Reading Program. Print out the Summer Reading Journal and have your kids write down which books they've read and why they liked them. Once they’ve read eight books, bring the completed journal to your local Barnes & Noble between July 1 and August 31 to get a free book.
A new national summer program for kids in 2024, Camp Invention is for kids grades K-6. It's a week-long STEM camp where kids will build thinking skills with hands-on challenges and open-ended adventures, enjoy mind-teasing games, and meet new friends.
There are over 1,000 locations nationwide and there's even an at-home camp experience that can be mailed to your doorstep.
Outschool offers dozens of classes and courses for ages ranging from toddler to tween. Do they want to learn another language? There's a class for that. How about beginning hip-hop or even wilderness skills? You can find that too.
Get your whole crew involved with Family Maker Camp—it’s a great way to flex your imagination and create something new. Join in on one of their live streams or pick something that sounds interesting out of their project library. Before you know it, you’ll have built a hovercraft or a musical instrument.
If you’re worried about getting your middle or high school kids up to speed in the new school year, Numerade has a fabulous (and free) solution. They’re offering free STEM summer camps covering SAT test prep, pre-calculus, physics, and more.
Research shows that kids connect when they're participating in an activity with you whether it's cooking, playing outside or being creative. The non-profit organization Marathon Kids, which works to ignite the joy of physical activity in kids, is launching a free summer program in hopes of making this easier for parents. Simply walk a mile and talk while doing it. Each day you'll receive a new prompt, there's a special mileage tracker, and by the end, you'll have walked the length of a marathon (26 miles) while getting to know your child better.
Microsoft normally offers free kids' camps at their stores during the summer, but they've moved online for now. Kids can sign up for free online workshops to tour the Smithsonian, plan a virtual road trip, put their Minecraft skills to the test, and more. Ages range from 6 to 14, and while the camps are free, advance registration is required.
Give your kids an exciting and engaging adventure this summer with one of Brain Chase's 2024 treasure hunt programs. How does it work? Kids will race against other teams in a week-long competition of escape room puzzles and adventures. Each interactive escape room is filled with hidden clues, and there are physical challenges as well. The fun starts on June 3.
From May 9 - Sept. 12, 2024, as kids track their reading streaks, they’ll unlock fun videos, book excerpts, and other exclusive summer content when you download Scholastic's free Home Base app. Kids can play games, meet their favorite book characters, write fiction, and upload art, You can register here, and check out the info for parents here.
If you’ve got a budding Ansel Adams at home, the Ranger Rick photo contest is a great way to keep them busy over the summer. First, head for the great outdoors (or your backyard) and have them take nature photos. Then, select their favorite and send it in with proper sizing (2 MB or smaller, JPG format, at least 600 pixels wide or 600 pixels tall). If your kid doesn’t have a digital camera, no worries! Phone images are also accepted.
Recent winners (this is an ongoing contest) are entered into the running for Ranger Rick’s "Your Best Shots" Magazine Award and are selected three times a year. Each winner receives a certificate of achievement and copies of the magazine featuring the winning image!
It's never too early to instill the habit of giving to others. Have your little philanthropists sign up with Kids That Do Good this summer to spend time giving back to their local community. The online (kid-founded!) resource allows kids to get involved with a cause or charity of their choosing—or, if you’ve got real go-getters at home—create their own! Once you’ve created an account and found an organization, kids can track their service hours via social profiles and certificates.
Designed to help spark the imaginations of kiddos ages 8-12, this three-day workshop allows kids to explore and expand on their digital creativity. They’ll choose one of three tracks and spend 90 minutes of each day working on their project. Be sure to sign up here to get an email announcing open registration for the summer program for kids (it usually starts in June)—spots fill up quickly!
The Home Depot offers workshops that are perfect for mini-makers. Simply pre-register online, and then show up on the selected Saturday to build fun projects like a picket fence planter. At the end of the two-hour workshop, kids receive a certificate of achievement, a workshop apron, and a commemorative pin while supplies last.
Does your artist dream of paint, paper, glitter, and glue? If so, Michael’s Camp Creatolgy is the perfect way to beat the summer brain drain. Information for Summer 2024 will drop in late May, but camps usually run from mid-June to mid-July and are for ages 6 & up. If you don't want to sign up for the in-store classes, online programs are also available.
Cost: The classes are free, but the required materials cost $40 for the entire summer.
Budding bowlers can perfect their technique all summer long thanks to Kids Bowl Free, which allows them to play up to two games a day free of charge. All that's missing is a pair of those sweet bowling shoes. To find a participating bowling alley near you, click here.
Sometimes a dark and cool movie theater is the only way to beat the heat. Your kids can sign up for a punch card or show up at participating Megaplex, Cinemark, and Regal theaters to catch a fun, kid-friendly flick for just $1-$2. Even better, most movies show before noon, making it easy to catch a flick and head home for nap time.
Xanadu your heart out and head for the local roller rink this summer. Whether your kids like to skate or rollerblade, a few laps will get their blood pumping, and the cool, A/C-induced temps are a total bonus. The Kids Skate Free program allows families to take advantage of this offer once a week (during the summer months). Click here to find out if it’s happening at your local rink.
If you’ve got a National Park nearby, be sure to sign up your mini explorers for the NPS Junior Ranger Program. Each kiddo will be outfitted with a handy Junior Ranger guidebook that's filled with historical facts and cool tips about all the National Parks. Every adventurer also gets the chance to complete a series of activities, share answers with a park ranger, and receive an official Junior Ranger patch and certificate. Click here to learn more.
Insider Tip: Kids can earn badges at home by downloading activity books and information packets. Click here for more info.
If you are a Bank of America or a Merrill Lynch cardholder, you can snag free admission at more than 150 museums, science centers, and botanical gardens across the country on two days every month just by showing your card. Find out if your favorite museum is participating, and on what days, by clicking here.
Keep the summer boredom away with this fun digital learning platform. Kids ages three to seven can learn STEAM concepts while watching videos and participating in interactive online activities. You can try it out with a seven-day free trial; after that, it’s $7.99 a month.
From the creative minds behind Angry Birds, Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Ice Age comes a free, interactive camp-style YouTube summer experience for kids. Every day is new, and activities include making food, doing science experiments, singing songs, and more. Counselors will be on hand to lead extra content and be on the lookout for special guest stars including Sparkles and Beaver and Scribbles the Cat.
Now that we’re in the final months of the school year, you’re likely getting a wee bit sick of packing those lunches (and the kids have pretty much sworn off PB&Js at this point). Trader Joe’s to the rescue! We scoured the aisles for some lunch alternatives to get your kids some protein and make lunch packing easy for you. No sandwiches made the list but we know the kids are going to be thrilled with all these new options. Next step: getting them to pack their lunches themselves!
Sandwich Alternatives from Trader Joe’s
Mediterranean Style Hummus Snack Pack
These little packs are a great option as they come pre-portioned with pita chips and have 9g of protein per container. Each pack contains two chip/dip pairs.
Chomps Meat Sticks
Found in beef, jalapeno beef, and turkey varieties, we like these as a lunch option because they don’t need to be refrigerated. Cut them up for smaller kids or leave them whole for the pre-teens.
Yogurt Smoothies
If you have a kid who complains that lunch isn’t long enough to eat what you’ve packed, then go for one of these drinkable smoothies.
Ciliegine Mozzarella Balls
Pop a few of these teeny tiny mozzarella balls into a tupperware for an on-the-go snack or addition to your kid’s lunchbox.
Fresh Hard-Cooked Peeled Eggs
Don’t sleep on these as an easy lunch option. There’s no cooking or peeling needed and they’re soft enough to send with even the little ones.
ABC Bars
As long as you don’t have any nut allergies in your classroom, we love to bring these Almond Butter Cocoa Bars to school for a recess option that comes in at 4g protein.
Volpi Snacks Roltini
Kids who like salty things will enjoy having these prosciutto-wrapped cheese sticks in their lunch. Add some crackers and that can get them through the afternoon with no problem.
Organic Mini Cheese Sandwich Crackers
We love these minis for a Bento box alternative. They also come in a peanut butter flavor but we like the cheese option for school lunches.
Indian Flatbread
Sometimes all you need to get yourself out of a lunch rut is a different type of bread. We like the plain version of this flatbread smeared with sunbutter or jam. They stay nice and soft until lunchtime.
This Fruit Walks Into a Bar
These fruit bars come in apple, blueberry, and other flavors and are easy to pop into a lunchbox for a sandwich swap or an after-school snack.
Papadums
We love the unique flavor of these crisps and the fact that they have 5g of protein per serving.
Fruit Alternatives from Trader Joe’s
Apple Chip Duo
You just might be able to get away with ditching the Doritos if you add these “chip” options to their lunchbox. They are crunchy and the right balance of tart and sweet. Plus you won’t have anyone complaining about them turning brown during the day.
Bamba Puffed Peanut and Corn Snacks
We can never have too many chip alternatives.
Inner Peas
Another crunchy chip alternative, Inner Peas are a salty, baked green bean snack that are addictively delicious when served with hummus.
Organic Banana Chips
If you’ve ever tried to pack a banana in a lunch, you know it’s pretty much guaranteed to come out brown and mushy. These crunchy chips are a good option. We also love to bring them in our backpacks for a hike.
Soft & Juicy Mandarins
These can be hard to find sometimes but we’ve spotted them recently at TJs and that will make for some happy kids. They are super sweet and no peeling necessary.
Fruit Sauce Crushers
These organic beauties come in several flavors and are super easy for kids to open. You don’t need to include a spoon. They’ll just gobble them up!
Fruit Bars
We have yet to meet a kid who doesn’t like these chewy bars. The apple and mango flavor is particularly delicious.
New Zealand Sweet Apple Rings
These sweet treats have the texture of fruit leather and stand up well to the bumpy ride that lunchbox fruit must endure.
Freeze-Dried Fruit
These can get a little messy when not properly contained (hello, purple fingers) but we love the crunch and kids do too.
Fruit Wrap
These are an even-more-delicious version of the fruit leather of our childhood. Embrace them.
Have a water fight, take a road trip, or just talk. There are so many daughter & mother activities mothers that’ll strengthen the bond
Between school, work, and keeping the family afloat, sometimes it’s tough for mother-daughter activities to come front and center. To help you keep that bond strong, we found 33 of the very best ideas. Whether your daughter is 5 or 15, keep reading to discover mother-daughter activities you’ve got to try at least once.
1. Play a game of basketball. Even if you aren’t the next Steph Curry—you can still shoot hoops with your daughter. Plus, it’s a great workout!
2. Have a spa day. Every mom and daughter deserves the royal treatment at least once. A soothing mask, manicure, pedicure, and refreshing cucumber water will make for a memorable day.
3. Write in a journal together. Sometimes talking about our feelings is tough. But using a mother-daughter journal to share our dreams and disappointments can be a great bonding experience (and a wonderful keepsake for the future).
4.Have a movie marathon. Pick a series of movies (Star Wars, Harry Potter, Disney), pop popcorn, and make a day of movies in your family room.
5. Go on a road trip. Nothing says togetherness like riding in a car for a long time. Create a playlist of music you both want, pick a destination, and start driving.
6. Set up and finish a jigsaw puzzle. A puzzle guarantees hours of quality time with your daughter.
7.Run a race. Whether it’s a 5k or a 1-mile fun run, train with your daughter and show her that girls can do anything!
9. Have regular mommy-daughter dates. Whether it’s a lunch date, a walk to the park, or visiting a local museum, you don’t have to wait for a special occasion to spend time with your daughter.
10. Pick a Pinterest project to tackle. You know all those crafts and projects you have pinned? Find a perfect one for a mother-daughter team and make an afternoon of it.
13. Go to high tea. Find a fancy hat and get your pinkies up. High tea is a luxurious activity every mom and daughter should do at least once.
14. Volunteer or do a community service project. There are a lot of community activities for families. Pick an activity that will help mom and daughter give back to others while spending time together.
15. Schedule a professional photoshoot. Most moms have hundreds of photos of their daughters, and we all love a good selfie. But having a photographer other than yourself capture lasting memories is a gift you'll enjoy well into the future. We love Shoott, the company that connects local photographers with people who want their pictures taken.
16. Go to a fancy dinner. Make a reservation for a restaurant you've always wanted to try and have a date night with your daughter.
17. Have a water fight. Invest in some balloons and water guns and spend the day getting wet.
18. Learn to build something. Put your girl power into action, and perfect your building skills at a class through Home Depot or another hands-on workshop. There's no reason the hammer and drills should be left to fathers and sons.
20. Have a picnic.Pack a picnic lunch (or buy a delicious sandwich at a local shop) and find a pretty outdoor spot. Spend some time eating, chatting, reading, or playing together.
21. Bake a cake or cook a full dinner. You've probably enlisted your daughter's help baking cookies or peeling veggies. Take your culinary skills up a notch and attempt to create an entire cake or a four-course meal.
22. Travel to a new city. You can take a plane ride to another state or drive to the next town. Explore a new city with your daughter, and see what interests both of you.
33. Have a good cry together. Showing your daughter that it's okay to express her feelings is important. And, it's important to show her that you're human, too.
24. Take a hike.Find a trail to explore. Wander through your local park. Stroll the beach, head up a mountain, or discover the desert. Enjoying nature together may open your eyes to many new things along the path.
25. Go on a shopping spree. While it's probably worth saving up some money for this indulgence, an afternoon shopping spree is something every mother and daughter should do together.
26. See a play or musical. Dress up, have lunch, and experience a play or musical at a local theater.
27. Take a painting class together. Get artsy and do a painting or crafting class together. You'll love seeing your unique perspectives come to life on the canvas.
28. Go to an amusement park. Some moms like theme parks as much (or more than) as the kids. Spend a day at the Happiest Place on Earth, or explore the features at Universal Studios.
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29. Have a dance party. Blast your favorite playlist and dance, dance, dance.
30. Look through old photos and scrapbooks. Before the days of Facebook, we kept our memories printed in albums. Share your old photo albums and scrapbooks with your daughter, and tell her stories about those special times.
31. Go thrift shopping or antique hunting. It's fun to hunt through thrift shops and see what treasures you can find.
32. Go fishing. Who says fishing is just for the guys? Find a local fishing hole and spend an afternoon casting a line.
33. Play a board game. There are plenty of games that are perfect for a mother-daughter afternoon. You can even take the game to a local coffee shop or park to make the time more special.
You’ve picked out the perfect theme and ordered an elaborate cake. Now it’s time to dig into the ever-important details of your kid’s birthday party. Everything needs to be just-right, from the balloon arch highlighting the photo wall down to the party games and perfect favors. But that last one can be a bit tricky. After all, what toys and trinkets won’t cause problems or wind up in the trash a few hours after getting home? To avoid a serious party foul keep these absolutely terrible things from finding their way into the goody bags. Trust us, your guests will thank you.
1. Plastic trinkets
We’ve all been there: searching for small and inexpensive items to fill goody bags with when…lo and behold! What do you spy in the party aisle so obviously grouped together and in such enticing colors? All kinds of plastic cra—stuff. Mazes, tops, mini frisbees, kaleidoscopes, shaped slinkies, hand clappers, finger eyeballs. The list is endless. But it’s time to stop the madness, parents. Let’s all agree to leave these items on the shelf.
2. Kazoos
Unless your little one’s party is at a local parade, a kazoo should never (ever) find its way into a kid’s goody bag. We know kids love them. We know they can encourage creativity and in some cases even help with language development. But we’re still giving a hard pass to this headache-inducing favor.
3. Small bubbles
We get it. Bubbles are a reliable add to any party bag, especially in summer. Kids love them at every age, and they hit that price point that makes them irresistibly appealing. But before you grab a box of mini bubble bottles or wands, think again. Little hands have a tough time getting the bubble stick out, and there’s just enough solution to make a mess if it spills (which it inevitably does). Trust us, stick with the larger wands if your kid wants bubbles in the bags.
4. Train whistles
What’s not to love about a train-themed party? One where the kids get to wear those adorable train conductor hats and tie on a cute red kerchief like an old-timey conductor. But you know what parents don’t love? When you put one of those toy train whistles in with the loot (yes, even the wooden ones). Once they’re home, they’re just another noise maker we have to try and tune out while making dinner.
5. Slime
We know kids love slime. We’d be lying if we said we didn’t too. But resist the urge to drop a small container of slime, or putty, or literally any other sensory substance into your goody bags. Why? Because it always ends up somewhere it shouldn’t be—and it’s impossible to get out. On the upside—Play Doh gets on a pass on this restriction.
6. Mini squishy toys
We’re not sure what this popular item’s official name is, but if you’ve ever gotten one, you know exactly what we’re talking about. Their cuteness is only outmatched by their squishiness. And if you don’t want to squeeze these adorable little buggers like they’re the sweetest baby cheeks around, you might need help. But give it half a day and you’ll see why this one is on our list. They pick up dirt like nobody’s business and turn into totally gross (albeit cute) little masses quickly. And because we know you’re wondering, yes, those sticky hands fall into this category too.
7. Party blowers
Say “yes” to party hats but “no” to party blowers of any kind. While the two may go hand in hand, we’re banking on the fact that kids won’t miss what they never had. Not only are these suckers obnoxious noise makers, but they also get pretty soggy after a few whistles. Clearly, this is an item that should stay in the past.
8. Non-washable markers
Markers. Crayons. Colored pencils. You’ve got the green light to put all of these things in your kid’s goody bags on one condition. They must be washable. Because if they don’t come out of clothes, carpet, or the car seat cover, they’re going straight into the trash. For real.
9. Yo-yos
Show us a kid who can “walk the dog” or go “around the world” and we’ll say yes to sticking a yo-yo in their goody bag. Otherwise, there’s just no place for this old school toy that requires way more coordination than most kids can muster. Save this one for pros.
10. Gum
Gum is a definite no-no for anyone under the age of 10, even if they can chew it. Why? Because gum has a tendency to wind up anywhere other than the garbage can. Hair, clothes, on the bottom of a lone shoe. Hold off on this one for-like-ever.
11. Too much candy
Can we also all agree that anyone adding candy to a goody bag after kids have downed a huge piece of cake is clearly asking for it (and we didn’t). Unless you really want your parent-friends to think twice about attending a future party, don’t put candy in the goody bags. No good can come of it.
12. Pencils
What’s the problem with an innocuous pencil adorned with cute designs and patterns? Nothing at first glance. But do people even have pencil sharpeners at home anymore? We think not. So unless you throw in a mini pencil sharpener with the loot, party favor pencils are a no-go.
13. Erasers
Along those same lines, it’s time to make adorable, multi-piece erasers a thing of the past. They don’t actually erase anything (although to be honest we haven’t really tested that one out—see above re: pencils), and once the kids pull them apart, those pieces are as good as gone. Sure, they’re as cute as can be, and it’s easy to coordinate them with your party theme, but are they really worth it? Really?
14. Glitter glue
We love the idea of including a small craft or craft item in a goody bag. It gives kids something to do after the party’s over. And while it’s tempting to get a multi-pack of glitter glue and give every guest a color or two, this is one of those craft supplies that gets everywhere, no matter how hard you work to contain it. Bottom line: steer clear of anything glitter related, including glitter glue.
Now that you know the pitfalls to avoid, let’s talk about what guilt-free goody bag items you CAN include. Here are a few winning party favors that top our list:
Book. Pick up a few inexpensive copies at the next Scholastic Book Fair, write a quick “thank you for coming” on the inside cover and you’ve got a two-fer guests will appreciate.
Play-Doh. This sensory item is always a hit and comes in its own party pack for a reason.
Large Bubble Wands. This one gets them outside and having fun.
Sidewalk Chalk. You can never have too much of the good stuff.
Small Craft Project. Design one of your own or pick up a kit at your local craft store.
Beach Toy. Shovel, bucket, small inflatable ball. These toys are always getting lost or broken so replacements are welcome.
LEGO Minifig. Who doesn’t love a new Minifig?
Shaker Egg. If you have to have music in the mix, try a shaker egg. It’s not too loud and even super young kids can play it.
Pack of Crayons. Make sure they’re washable and pack ’em in. Our tip? Buy them at the start of the school year when they’re on sale.
Picture frame. Put a pic of the birthday kiddo and the friend in the frame, and you’ve got a keeper.
If you’ve ever asked your kids “How was your day?” and received what sounds like a grunt or the ever-popular “OK,” you’re not alone. Instead of letting family chats fall to the wayside, consider using conversation starters for kids during your next family dinner. Sure, gathering everyone for a meal might seem impossible, but it’s more important than ever; studies have shown that families that eat together often have healthier diets, increased communication, and overall emotional stability.
And, engaging your kids in conversation has other huge benefits. It helps them learn important social skills, boosts vocabulary, raises self-esteem (especially when you listen to their responses), and could lead to them opening up about things that might be bothering them. So, if you’ve come this far, congrats! The next step? Figuring out what to talk about at the table. That’s where our fun conversation starters for kids come in handy.
How to Use Conversation Starters
Time your questions.
If your kid is hungry, tired, or both, it might not be the best time to engage in elaborate table talk. Use conversation starters with kids when you aren’t rushing to get to practice, there isn’t homework to be finished, and everyone is in a good mood.
Listen to their answers.
So, their curiosity is piqued, and they’re thinking hard about what to say. You need to be present in the moment and listen. Kids’ self-esteem gets a boost when they know their parents are listening.
Don’t forget to ask open-ended questions.
Consider using conversation starters for kids that require more than yes or no answers. If kids (or anyone) have a chance to elaborate on their answers, that can open the door to more interesting conversations.
47 Conversation Starters for Kids
1. Can you guess the ingredients in the meal tonight?
2. What do you like better: waking up in the morning or going to bed at night?
3. Would you rather be a giant rodent or a tiny elephant?
4. What would you do if you had a million dollars?
5. If you had to eat a worm, how would you cook it?
6. What is a weird habit that you have?
7. If you had this week to do over again, what would you do differently?
8. Would you rather go without television or junk food for the rest of your life?
9. If a genie granted you three wishes, what would they be?
10. If money were no object, where would you like to go on vacation?
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11. Where is the most interesting place you have ever been to?
12. Would you rather swim with stingrays or explore the jungle?
13. If you could make any vegetable against the law, which would it be?
14. Would you rather not hear or not see?
15. Would you rather wrestle a lion or fight a shark?
16. If you were sent to live on a space station for three months and were only allowed to bring three personal items, what would they be?
17. If you had your human body but the head of an animal, what animal would you pick?
18. What is one favorite thing you do by yourself?
19. If you could read one person’s mind, whose would it be?
20. What two things do you consider yourself to be very good at?
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21. Do you believe in extraterrestrials or life on other planets?
22. What is your favorite smell? What memory does it remind you of?
23. What is the weirdest thing you have ever eaten?
24. If you could be one character from a book for a day, who would it be and why?
25. What's the last thing that made you laugh?
26. Tell me about something that made you happy today.
27. What does a perfect day look like to you?
28. If you could have any animal for a pet, what would it be?
29. If you could be in the movie of your choice, what movie would you choose and what character would you play?
30. Would you rather wear your pants backward or shoes on the wrong feet?
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31. What did you do to help someone else today?
32. What makes our family special?
33. What three words would you use to describe yourself?
34. What is your favorite song?
35. Would you rather be able to talk to animals or know how to speak every language?
36. If you could be a sound, what would it be?
37. If you could eat one food for the rest of your life, what would you pick?
38. Who is your favorite movie character?
39. If you had to make dinner tomorrow night, what would you make?
40. If you were a parent, what rules would you have? Are they different from ours?
41. What is your earliest memory?
42. If you could only have three toys, which three would they be?
43. If you could pick your name, what would it be?
To your kids, a sofa is just indoor playground equipment. You can make forts, build obstacle courses, create slides and more. But not every parent wants the communal couch used for horseplay. And even if they’re not actively building something out of your living room furniture, kiddos are still tough on couches. What is that “run, jump, land on their knees on the cushion” thing all kids do? And why? The point is, there’s only so much our sofas can take and still remain standing. And that’s exactly why we’re singing the kids play couch praises.
Kids play couches let little ones use their imagination with built-for-them sofas. Not only do they provide a designated area for your minis to get their wiggles out, but they also add a fun and playful element to any room. And they’re not just a piece of furniture. They can configure to almost anything they can dream up thanks to moveable cushions and columns. From the original Nugget to a new Insta-favorite The Figgy to the unlimited play combinations of The Hideout, here are the best play couches for kids. Tumble away!
The Nugget
Nugget
The first. The original. The gold standard. The Nugget arrives in 4 simple pieces: 2 wedge pillows, a sturdy base pillow and a soft cushion. It's a straightforward approach that lets you bend, fold and rearrange this play couch into (at last count) 25 or more configurations. Likely the most adaptive piece of furniture you'll own, the Nugget morphs from fort to lounger with ease, and its supportive base means it easily converts into a bed or naptime cozy corner. It comes in 22 colors, so you can blend this chic piece in with your decor.
The Hideout from Nurture& isn't just a couch. It's a castle, a couch, a bridge, and more. One of the first "luxury play couches" made from vegan leather and CertiPUR-US and OEKO-TEX certified foam. Available in grey, ivory, or olive (so it'll match any room in your house), it comes with 4 base cushions, 2 supportive triangles, and the optional upgrade option of two cushioned columns.
Marketed as a "home adventure kit," The Figgy currently comes in five colors and features four base cushions and two rectangular cushions. You can build on this play set/sofa set by ordering extra rectangular cushions separately or adding wedges to your set. The Figgy has a super soft touch with a waterproof lining for extra protection (but if it does get dirty, just pop it in the wash) and is made from low-VOC foam.
Easy to build (thanks to the attached handles) and easy to clean (thanks to the durable cushion covers), this gymnasium setup is ideal for little climbers and tumblers. If bright hues aren't what you're looking for, the Foamnasium comes in three other color combinations.
The Barumba play couch comes with 11 pieces, but it's the same size as a regular play couch so that one is all you need to make endless imaginative builds. The pieces are intentionally kid-sized so little ones can do the building. Waterproof liners are included and it comes in several neutral hues to match any space.
Kids play couches can come at a hefty price, which is why we love the Explorer as a more affordable option. With two triangle pillows to lean on (or build with), a base level and a "comfort" level, this set comes in 9 hues and features a secret pocket. If you're looking to fill a playroom or build a bigger lounge area, you can't beat this price tag.
This foldable sofa set distinguishes itself from the competition by billing itself as a mat. Its unique tri fold design means it folds up more compactly than its competitors (ideal for families with limited space!). Each set is sold in two pieces (the tri fold mat and a foam wedge pillow) in five solid colors and nine patterns. The bold patterns in this line help hide dirt and stains between washes.
Modeled after the oversized loungers used in private home theaters, The Joey Theater Set is great for school-aged gamers but still offers fun shapes and sizes for younger kids in the house to build with. You can get a similar effect by adding a Rocker Set to a regular Joey. The Joey comes with a half-moon armrest, perfect for the family that needs a little buffer between siblings.
All the products listed are independently & personally selected by our shopping editors.
If you buy something from the links in this article, we may earn affiliate commission or compensation. Prices and availability reflect the time of publication.
It’s hard to believe that little one, who used to fit snugly in the crook of your arm, is finally ready for kindergarten… or are they? Maybe you should wait another year? After all, what is the right kindergarten age? Especially since the practice of “redshirting” kids—giving them an extra year before starting kindergarten (making them one of the oldest as opposed to the youngest)—has risen in popularity. But like most trends in the parenting world, it leaves parents wondering if it is a good idea. That’s why we looked at the studies and asked experts to weigh in on what is the right age to start kindergarten. Here’s what we found.
Getting Kids Started in Kindergarten
The preschool years are over and it’s time to start kindergarten. But where do parents start? Where we do with all things—online and by asking other parents. Now is the time to check out your local school’s website or find and join parent Facebook pages or other social media accounts associated with the school. Other suggestions include talking to parents with older kids and asking your preschool teacher about local schools and expectations. There are lots of resources out there for parents with inquiring minds.
Kindergarten First-Year Enrollment
Although kindergarten enrollment varies from state to state, parents can expect to encounter some similar requirements no matter where they live. Here are a few universals:
In most states, kids must turn five years old by a certain date, usually September 1.
Many schools require kids to have certain vaccinations before starting school; check with your district about specific requirements.
Most will ask for proof of residence. A utility bill or other piece of mail works fine.
You may be asked to provide a copy of your child’s birth certificate to enroll.
What Do Kids Learn in Kindergarten?
Although the curriculum varies from district to district across the country, parents can count their kindergartners learning the alphabet, sight words, phonics, and basic sentence structure as part of Language Arts. Math covers basics like number recognition, counting, addition and subtraction, measurement, and basic geometry. Additionally, hands-on activities and play-based learning help kids learn about real-world concepts like weather, plants, and animals. But many would say the most important things kids learn in kindergarten support their social-emotional growth (or soft skills) like building relationships, solving conflicts, and developing empathy and self-awareness.
What is the difference between Transitional Kindergarten (TK) and Transitional to Elementary School (TES)?
Transitional Kindergarten (TK) is a two-year public school program designed for kids who turn 5 between September 2 and December 2 of the school year. It provides an additional year of instruction, focused on developing social-emotional skills, language and literacy, math, and physical development, to support kids who may not be ready for kindergarten.
Transitional to Elementary School (TES) is a program offered by preschools or childcare centers to prepare children for kindergarten. It typically focuses on language and literacy, math, social-emotional development, and basic self-help skills so kids can successfully transition to the academic and social expectations of kindergarten.
Your kid will (probably) be more willing to sit still if given an extra year.
Whether or not your five-year-old will sit still during circle time or stay on task at writing centers (or at home) may depend on their age, since younger children generally have a harder time doing both. Studies have shown that kids are often misdiagnosed with behavior problems in kindergarten when in fact, the behaviors are just a matter of being younger than classmates. And, according to this Stanford University study, children who wait a year to enroll have significantly lower levels of inattention and hyperactivity—with results continuing even at age 11.
Your kid may be misdiagnosed with ADHD if they start too early.
All those wiggles in the classroom may have some unintended consequences for kids regarding the right age to start kindergarten. A 2018 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that kids who turned five the month before starting kindergarten were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than those who started the month that they turned six. "Our findings suggest the possibility that large numbers of kids are being overdiagnosed and overtreated for ADHD because they happen to be relatively immature compared to their older classmates in the early years of elementary school," said study author Timothy Layton, an assistant professor of health care policy at Harvard Medical School, in this article for Education Week.
An older child will probably have an easier time saying goodbye to you.
Younger kids—especially those who haven’t attended a preschool program—may have a tougher time saying goodbye in the morning (and we all know how hard it is to leave a tearful tot at drop-off). Giving your child more time to become independent may help her let go when it’s time for the school day to start. with the in-home model of learning most schools will use this year, it may be challenging to start a drop-off situation mid-year should children resume in-class learning.
Their fine motor skills will be more developed.
Older kids usually have an easier time with fine motor activities (holding a pencil and using scissors, for instance). Doing these things can help build confidence and make a kid more excited about their accomplishments at school.
They have more time to be kids; you have more time with them.
Waiting to start formal schooling gives kids more time to be kids, to enjoy a more leisurely day, and to play freely (which, studies have suggested may be more valuable than academics for young children). Delaying kindergarten also gives you one more year with your child. If you're lucky enough to be home with your kiddo, you'll be glad you got that time.
An older child may be taller than their classmates; that matters (especially in middle school).
You may not be thinking about the teen years yet, but let’s not forget: A child who is the oldest kid in kindergarten will also be the oldest in her middle school grade—and that’s no small thing, especially when puberty hits.
They may be bored (and consequently misbehave).
This study has suggested that kids who delayed kindergarten were twice as likely to drop out of high school. Researchers think this is because they reach adult age sooner, which is when kids are legally allowed to quit school on their own (most state laws require kids to stay in school until at least age 17).
That extra year may be expensive.
If you’re a working parent, delaying kindergarten means another year of paying for childcare or preschool. And, with the average cost of preschool as high as more than $10,000 per year in some states (according to this study from the Economic Policy Institute), it’s an expensive wait.
They may not find peers on their level (initially).
A year can make a big difference when you’re only still in your first decade of life. This means a calm, more introverted six-year-old may have trouble finding like-minded peers in a kindergarten class full of rowdy five-year-olds.
It may not matter in the long run.
Despite conflicting research and strong opinions on both sides, it is still unclear whether “redshirting” makes any difference in the long run. Some studies even suggest that, whether your child starts school a year early or a year late, it all levels out by the middle school years.
With all that information, you’re probably still wondering: What is the right age to start kindergarten? The answer: Both. It depends on the kid.
“Kids should be with developmental age peers as much as possible since kindergarten builds not just academics but social skills, too,” said Deanna Lapen, a Los Angeles-based school psychologist and former kindergarten teacher. “With that being said, every child is an individual. Parents should think about why they would consider redshirting.”
Lapen said parents should talk with their child’s preschool teacher (if applicable) as well as look at the kindergarten curriculum for whatever school their child might attend. Then ask: “Is the upcoming kindergarten class a place where the child will thrive socially and academically?”
If so, don’t delay. And, as always—trust your instincts.
These funny jokes will have them belly-laughing for days
Need a good joke when you’re in a pinch? We’ve got you covered with a joke of the day for almost a whole year, and most of them are original! These hilarious jokes for kids require little to no explanation from parents, but you’ll want to get in on the fun, anyway. From cheesy jokes to knock-knock jokes and beyond, many of these have been sent to us by kids themselves. We’ve also got squeaky-clean jokes, spring jokes, and printable lunchbox jokes. And for those looking to take the fun to the next level, we’ve got the best minute to win it games, too.
Why should you share jokes with your kids?
Because it allows kids to learn to laugh at themselves and not take themselves too seriously. It’s an easy way to have quality time that doesn’t include a screen. So go ahead, scroll through our favorite jokes for kids, and spend 15 minutes having a good chuckle with your kiddos.
1. What do you call an ant who fights crime? A vigilante!
80. What did the big flower say to the little flower? Hi, bud!
81. There are two robots sitting on a wall. They are named Pete and Re-Pete. Pete falls off. Who is left? (Re-Pete...so you repeat the whole thing again and again and again.)
—Henrik P., 10
82. What is a pony’s favorite juice? She really likes lemon-neigh’d.
—5-year-old Kerrigan
83. Where do fish keep their money? In the River-Bank!
—Jaxon G., 7 y.o.
84. What do you call an alligator with a vest? An investigator!
—Milo H-R, age 8
85. Why was the computer cold? It left its window open!
312. What do you call a Buffalo that likes beef?
A Beef-alo
313. What does a camel say to a hunter?
Do you need some camel-flage
314. Why does the dinosaur like the bathroom?
Because it’s ex-stink-t
315. Why does the dentist use a computer?
Because it has Bluetooth.
—Jokes 312-315 by Gunner, age 8
316. What’s grey?
A melted penguin.
317. What goes black, white, black, white, black white?
A penguin rolling down a hill.
318. Can a match box?
No, but a tin can!
319. Why was the baby in Egypt?
It was looking for its mummy.
320. Why did the chewing gum cross the road?
It was stuck on the chicken’s foot.
321. What does a cow eat for breakfast?
Mooo-esli.
322. Doctor, doctor, I feel like a dog.
Then go and see a vet!
323. What do girl snakes write at the bottom of their letters?
With love and hisses.
324. Why did the bacteria cross the microscope?
To get to the other slide.
—Jokes 316-324 by Elijah, age 11
325. Knock, knock Who’s there? Lettuce. Lettuce who? Let us in, it’s cold out here!
326. What do you get when you cross a bridge with a car?
To the other side of the river.
327. What do you get when you cross an elephant with a cake?
Crumbs.
328. Doctor, doctor, I keep thinking I’m a dog.
Then sit on the couch and we’ll talk about it, But I’m not allowed on the furniture!
329. Doctor, doctor I feel like a sheep.
That’s baa-aaa-aad.
330. What do you call a bee that buzzes quietly?
A mumble bee.
—Jokes 325-330 by Malachi, age 7 and a half
331. Where do you find a polar bear?
The same place you left her.
—Thomas, age 7
332. What is fast, loud, and crunchy? A rocket chip!
333. How does a vampire start a letter? Tomb it may concern…
334. What has ears but cannot hear? A field of corn…
335. Did you hear the one about the claustrophobic astronaut?
He just needed a little space.
Make sure to capture all the giggles—and share them with your family and friends near and far—with the Tinybeans app. The secure platform puts parents in total control of who sees and interacts with photos and videos of their kids.
Every school year, parents reach out to their children’s teachers to inquire about any number of things. Sometimes it’s over a concern over their child’s academic performance or a conflict between students. Other times, these questions for teachers can be a bit more invasive, like when a school parent demands to know why certain things are being taught, like in the recent instance of a small faction of parents getting upset over Michaelangelo’s statue of David being shown in the classroom. But for every one of these situations, there are a slew of other questions that teachers would love to hear from the parents of their students. We asked several current and former teachers what questions they would love to hear from parents, and here’s what they said.
“What are my students’ strengths in your classroom?”
Jessica Matoian, an 8th-grade social science teacher at Sequoia Middle School in the Fresno Unified School District, says she would love to hear this question from parents, along with questions about how they can help develop those strengths outside of the classroom. “I believe in a growth mindset in my classroom. If I can work with parents and guardians on developing their students’ strengths, instead of highlighting their weaknesses, I find students are willing to take ownership of their strengths and build on them on their own,” says Matoian.
“Is my child happy? What lights them up?”
Brooklyn-based Christina Soriano, who taught elementary school art, social and emotional wellness, and Kindergarten summer school from 2006 through 2022, says she never heard any parent ask this, but wishes she had. “These questions are important because they are child-centered and strengths-based. It’s sometimes second nature, or sometimes cultural, that we go straight to how to make a child ‘better’ in a subject. Of course, that is a main point of schooling and learning, but it’s equally important to know what makes a child excited and joyful during the school day,” she says.
“How can I help my child succeed in your classroom?”
Victoria Taylor, a teacher with 20 years of experience and founder of BestCaseParenting, says she appreciates when parents take an interest in their children’s work. “Simply asking about ongoing projects and assignments can be extremely helpful to students and teachers alike. I understand it’s a lot for busy parents to stay on top of everything, but small gestures such as sending in student supplies or helping their child stay organized can make a huge difference,” says Taylor.
The same goes for Christina Collura, a full-time kindergarten teacher, autism advocate, and mother of two. “I am a firm believer every child has strengths (and weaknesses), and building and teaching children based on those strengths are vital to forming and building on a successful learning path,” says Collura.
“What supplies or materials do you need restocked/refilled for the classroom?
Amanda Dexter, who has been teaching middle and high school for eight years in Missouri’s St. Joseph School District says she would like parents to inquire about supplies long after the school year has begun. “At the beginning of the year, classroom supplies are usually fully stocked, but come a few months later and we’ve run out of glue sticks, construction paper, whiteboard markers, Kleenex, disinfecting wipes, pencils, etc. You’d be amazed at how quickly a class can burn through what seems like ample supplies in the beginning,” says Dexter. “Usually it is up to the teacher to restock supplies out of their own pockets.”
“Are there any educational activities or resources you recommend?”
“Parents who ask this question are actively seeking ways to enrich their child’s learning experiences. As a teacher, I can suggest educational apps, websites, books, or hands-on activities that align with the curriculum and support their child’s interests and learning style,” says Donna Paul, a Montessori teacher turned blogger at That’s So Montessori.
“How can I help my child develop independence and life skills?”
This might not be a typical question asked by parents, but Paul, who has over 10 years of in-class Montessori elementary teaching experience, says those who do inquire about this recognize the importance of preparing their children for future success. “I can provide suggestions on age-appropriate tasks, organization strategies, and opportunities for problem-solving that empower children to become self-reliant and confident individuals,” she says.
While supporting a child’s education in the classroom is essential, Paul feels that parents should also look into how they can extend this into their homes. “By asking this question, parents show their commitment to their child’s education and seek guidance on how to extend learning beyond the classroom. As a teacher, I can provide valuable insights, resources, and strategies for creating a supportive learning environment at home,” she adds.
“What can I do to support my child’s social and emotional well-being?”
Nowadays, more parents and teachers are learning about the importance of social-emotional learning on top of academics. “Parents who ask this question demonstrate their understanding of the vital role social and emotional development plays in a child’s overall success. By seeking advice, parents can gain insights into how to foster healthy relationships, resilience, and emotional intelligence in their child’s everyday life,” says Paul.
“Does my child behave at school (and) are they respectful?”
Julie Navitka, a former middle school teacher (from 2008 through 2022) at Robert Andrews School in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, suggests parents ask this question to gain better insight into their child’s behavior. Why? While teachers will generally inform parents when their students are crossing the line with their behavior, it’s a good idea to check in with teachers to see if there are inklings of problematic behavior that can be addressed early on.
“Does my child get their work finished (and on time?)”
Navitka, who briefly taught high school and has since started blogging at Successfully Sustainable, also recommended this question. Questions for teachers like this can not only help prevent any academic slides but also potentially detect a larger issue if the student is having a lot of difficulty staying focused and completing tasks, such as a learning disability or a cognitive disorder like ADHD.
“Does my child distract others from their learning?”
While parents should always ask questions related to helping their own students, it doesn’t hurt to inquire about how they are ensuring the success of the entire classroom. “Teaching can be extremely stressful, and even though it’s not the only (or biggest) factor, dealing with unsupportive parents plays a role in this stress,” says Navitka. Being proactive in addressing issues like these can make difficult conversations about behavior issues smoother.
“How can I help contribute to the classroom?”
While donating supplies is always helpful, Birney Elementary School teacher Robert Garcia wishes parents would ask how they can help contribute to the classroom in other ways. “It could be volunteering, donating special incentives, or just making a guest appearance,” says the 6th-grade teacher who has taught in Fresno Unified School District for 29 years.
“What skills is my child struggling with that may not be covered in class?”
Eddie Maza, an 11th and 12th-grade English teacher at The Idea School, a private school in New Jersey, says it can often be difficult for teachers to address individual students’ needs at the beginning of the school year. “As a high school English teacher, I encountered students who required assistance with fundamental grammar issues. While I would have liked to provide them with additional support, the nature of teaching a large class made it challenging to offer supplementary content. By asking the teacher about specific areas that need improvement and how to develop those skills, you can create a plan to help your child catch up with the class,” says Maza.
“How can I support my child’s work without completing it for them?
According to Maza, “Parents naturally want to assist their children with school work, but it’s important to ensure that working through challenging assignments, collaborating with peers, and communicating with teachers remains part of the learning experience. Involvement from parents is valuable, but asking this question helps ensure that your efforts to support your child’s education do not deprive them of the essential learning experience.” Alternatively, he says parents can ask, “What are the objectives of this assignment?”
When it comes to clothes, your kid is all about perfecting “the look.” And nowadays, having sensory processing disorder or other disabilities doesn’t have to hold your fashion-forward kiddo back; plenty of companies out there offer on-trend adaptive clothing for kids. From compression shirts to sensory-friendly pants, these inclusive clothing lines have something for kids of all abilities.
French Toast is the destination for all things school uniforms, and that includes every kiddo. Their adaptive line includes polos, dresses, hoodies, and more, all with the same color and style options of their other offerings. You’ll be set for the school year with a French Toast haul.
Sense-ational You goes beyond just sensory friendly options to offer styles with built-in sensory tools that help neurodivergent kids regulate all day. From hidden adjustable compression to sound reducing hoods to built-in fidgets and more, their goal is to make unique sensory garments that make sure kids have what they need no matter where they are.
This line of adaptive pieces offers collections for both kiddos and adults. Their goal? Creating practical, helpful, and easy clothing that doesn’t sacrifice fashion. There are options for stoma, feeding tubes, diabetes care, wheelchair users, amputees, surgical recovery, and to manage cancer treatments. Kids’ sizes range from preemie to kids 18.
This inclusive line of kids’ clothing from JCPenney has something for every shape, size, style, and ability. Sizes range from 2T-22, has plenty of gender-neutral options, and has adaptive features like sensory-friendly seaming, hook and loop closures, hidden abdominal openings, magnetic zippers, and no tags.
befree, the company behind zipOns, the adaptive pants for kids and adults, was created when a mother, whose daughter has cerebral palsy, couldn’t find pants to accommodate her daughter’s recovery from surgery. The pants have zippers up the side of each leg, making it easy to accommodate medical gear, and they help make it easy for kids to get dressed quickly. They are offered in black, charcoal, or navy, with different zipper colors to choose from. They’re comfy pants with a drawstring waist and can be put on or taken off standing up or sitting down. Plus, the zippers are covered inside the pants, meaning kids don’t have to worry about contact with their skin.
Kohl’s sensory-friendly and adaptive clothing for kids include special features like flat seams, longer lengths, abdominal access, and two-way zippers (to name a few), indistinguishable from the rest of the brand. With faves like Nike, Land’s End, Tak Gear, and more, there’s something for every kiddo.
Universally designed Billy Footwear is a blend of function and fashion, so everyone can rock cool kicks, no matter who they are. What makes them so accessible to everyone is their design—a simple full zipper that runs from toe to top so they open completely, making it easy for feet to just slip right in. An easy zipper tug closes them snugly around the wearer’s feet. And the funky patterns and shimmery metallics give them total kid appeal.
Consider Patti + Ricky your one-stop shop for every disability-friendly clothing option under the sun. Founder Alexandra Connell has curated collections for people of all abilities. Looking for magnetic shirts? They’ve got them. How about Velcro belts? Those too. And our favorite, Chewelry (yep, it’s exactly what it sounds like), is a must-have for kids with sensory sensitivities who like to fidget or chew. They even have Braille shirts by Braille’iant that allow you to customize a name or saying in Braille right onto the shirt.
Kids who dig weight or pressure to help alleviate anxiety or mitigate responses related to ADHD, Autism, or SPD can find everything they need to dress for success at Kozie Clothes. From compression clothing (think: long, short, and double-layered tees and pants, too) to weighted vests and special swimwear, Kozie offers the building blocks of a functional wardrobe. And the removable tags, elastic bands, and multi-use pockets are a bonus.
Extra credit: If their weighted and compression clothes are a hit, check out the weighted blanket, too.
Imagine a world where spills don’t stay on that school shirt. Yup, The Good Day Lab has a line of comfortable 100% cotton t-shirts that have an added clean shield technology that repels liquids. Soft, breathable, and offered in eight colors, kids struggling with anxiety won’t have to worry about staining their clothes. Our editor’s kids tried these shirts, and we can say they live up to expectations.
While this line isn’t technically considered to be adaptive, Mightly has tagless, itch-free labels, covered elastic waistbands, and flat seams, which are perfect features for a kiddo who feels everything. With adorable graphic tees, leggings, dresses, shorts, and even underwear, you’ll be able to find plenty to outfit your child this fall.
Quality and function are what Lands’ End bring to their Universal Collection. And easy dressing—for everyone—has driven their designs. Offering a full line of school uniform pieces that replace buttons and zippers with magnets, and including magnetic openings to accommodate leg foot braces, they’ve thought of pretty much everything. No more morning hassle as you rush the kids out the door because they can throw on these school uniforms with ease and independence.
Extra credit: Sensory-friendly tags are part of the whole package here, too.
From the moment Target debuted its Cat & Jack Adaptive clothing line, it has been a go-to for affordable clothing options for kids with disabilities. And it runs the gamut. From wheelchair-friendly options to clothes that offer abdominal access to tagless and seamless clothing for kids with sensory issues—you can find it all here. The best part? Their adaptive line has the same playful graphics and colorful patterns found on all their clothing. Plus, with most items topping out under $15, it’s easy on the wallet.
Whether your kiddo needs mobility or motor skill support, putting on socks can be challenging. But the reinforced loops on Ez Socks make it…well, e-z-er. This simple redesign is helping lots of kids gain independence in every aspect of getting ready for school in the morning. And the sock patterns are all super cute.
It’s a kid’s dream to live in “soft pants” at all times (who are we kidding, it’s our dream, too!). Lander has breathable, double-knit cotton clothes free of zippers, seams, or tags. You can wear them four ways: inside out, outside in, and with the front/back swapped. Brilliant!
Little Green Radicals Adaptive Line is created with input from parents of children with disabilities who wanted comfy, adaptive clothing that’s also bright, beautiful, functional, and organic. Whimsical prints and cheerful colors make this mix-and-match line a winner for sure. Make sure to check out their sizing guide here.
All the products listed are independently & personally selected by our shopping editors.
If you buy something from the links in this article, we may earn affiliate commission or compensation. Prices and availability reflect the time of publication.